Identity and The Postcard
After Rosh Hashana supper and guests had departed, just leaving my grandsons and their parents, the topic meandered around to antisemitism. My son contributed a story about an incident at Boyne River where as a student he had attended a music camp for his trumpet playing. Oldest grandson mentioned that at many of his schools and events, there appeared to be large numbers of Jews. That lead to a search to where Jewish populations are largest. Not Israel as we expected, but New York was number one. That dovetailed into the book I had just finished, The Postcard.
Sometimes a journey ends where it begins, the resolution of a search quietly, gently resolved. In The Postcard, Anne besieges her mother Lelia to investigate her family’s roots, those of a buried Jewish identity. That search is ignited by a granddaughter’s (Anne’s daughter) remark that Jews are neither liked nor wanted at her school – in Paris-in 2013. And so the story recounts how small acts, even jokes and offhanded comments concerning dislike for Jews, can, over the centuries, balloon to exclusion and worse as in The Final Solution in death camps.
Berest’s novel The Postcard traces the lives of the Rabinovitch family from Moscow to Łódź to Palestine to Paris from 1919 to 2003 and 2013 . The story revolves around Berest’s grandmother, Myriam , her family, their deaths and her own hiding from society. She is “ saved” because she marries Francis Picabia, surrealist artist’s son, Vicente and her name is not included on lists for transport out of France in the 40’s.
But even as far back as 1919 in Russia, Myriam’s father, Nachman Rabinovitch warned his family, citing the Passover story, “ In Egypt, the Jews were slaves…The salt water we put on the table on the evening of Pesach represents the tears of those who broke loose from their chains. And the bitter herbs remind us that the life of a free man is inherently painful…” So , fraught with nightmares of being hunted by drunkards in early 20th Century Moscow on Christmas for killing Christ and encouraged by State laws of antisemitism enacted into the May Laws, he relates that Jews have continually been deprived of their liberties . Unable to travel, attend university, with rumours of a Jewish conspiracy fanned by The Black Hundreds, an extreme-right wing monarchist group, Ephraim, son of Nachman is told to pack his bag and leave for Palestine, much as the slaves in Egypt did.
But “[t]he Rabinovitch children had never imagined anything like this deprivation of rights could be possible “. Emmanuel, another son, refuses to leave, deciding to pursue his dream of being an actor in Paris. Nachman, again evoking the four sons at the Passover seder. Nachman explodes, “Yeder nar iz klug un komish far zikh”( Every idiot believes himself to be intelligent). Further attempting his argument, he implores” There is nothing for you in Europe.”
Yet Nachman and others in his family do move on to a good life in Riga, Latvia. But on a subsequent Passover night and family gathering, Nachman again is entreated by his wife, Emma, to remind their daughter Myriam about the exodus from Egypt. “ But Ephraim, the engineer, the progressivist, the cosmopolitan, had forgotten that an outsider will always be an outsider.”, his granddaughter in the future narrates, sadly. Harassed by the Latvians when his caviar business fails, Nachman’s family in 1920 must once again venture on their own exodus to Palestine, first stopping in Łódź, home to visit Emma’s parents.
In Poland, Myriam is struck with a stone, the words” hep, hep Jude” echoing in her ears. Emma’s father, Maurice Wolf, explains that the Poles do not want to work with the Jews “…but they hate him [even]more because he is the boss of the blanket factory.” So the family departs for Palestine, a journey of forty days as long as it had taken Moses to reach Mount Sinai. When finally reunited with Nachman, years later in Palestine, Ephraim and family are surprised to find the work, the heat, the roughness and struggle of life insupportable .
Yet Ephraim’s children, Myriam and Noemie, are content in this rough and tumble life, warmed by their grandparents, the oranges, olive and date groves , palm and pomegranate trees and talk of the freedom of the Zionist movement. In Migdal, however, Passover is very different from Russia, bent old forks replace the silver heirlooms, dust- ridden Haggadahs easily tossed aside. But again the patriarch Nachman intones on the meaning of “ pass over”. He explains the word also connotes “passage”: the passage across the Red Sea, the passage of the Hebrew people to become the Jewish people, the passage from winter to spring. It’s a rebirth.” And again away from servitude and death. And discrimination. And a reason to vacate their home.
Unlike his optimistic father, Ephraim endures only for five years and considers the Palestine resettlement “ disastrous “. Nachman warns, “Besser mit un klugn dans gehenem eyder mit un nar dans ganeydn Better to be a wise man in hell than a fool in heaven.”, casting doubt on his son’s complaints and desire to return to Europe where he fantasizes that life will be sweeter.
Ephraim’s family sets out once more, returning to France where the story of The Postcard begins with the mysterious arrival of a postcard with four names. Yet life in France repeats the repression and rumblings of discrimination first encountered in Moscow. Huge posters and banners in public places are unfurled that target and satirize Jews as vermin, despised for ridicule. They are banned in any civil service position as Hitler’s influence spreads like poison ivy. It is 1933 and the Nazi party has become the official political party in Germany. The Rabinovitches must face the fallout: the children are harassed at school and their citizenship applications are constantly deferred so their presence as citizens in France is not solidified. And the right wing press and the political enemies of Jews expand, anti- semitism increasing as intern camps , transports, numerus clausus, curfews, slanderous slogans, propaganda, mandated yellow stars and disappearances mark the society, ironically reinforcing Nachman’s warnings. Jews are not only wanted in a land not their own, they are the scapegoats and cause célèbre punished for all of societal ills.
Anne, granddaughter of Myriam questions her mother on this: “Maman . . . there comes a point when you can’t keep saying, ‘but people didn’t know’ . . .” But similarly The Toronto Star on Sunday, September 7, reported that even the Vatican possessed information about death camps. Pope Pius Xii’s Secretary was sent a letter from an informed source in Germany who was part of a Catholic anti- Hitler group. A Jesuit priest in December 1942, detailed “ Nazi extermination…in ovens…with killing up to 6,000 Jews and Poles daily in prewar Poland transported to the Belzec death camp.” It has been suggested, however, that the Holy See needed not only verification, but feared for his own life, and those of the resistance workers and sources
Lelia, Anne’s mother, replies, “Indifference is universal. Who are you indifferent toward today, right now? Ask yourself that. Which victims living in tents, or under overpasses, or in camps way outside the cities are your ‘invisible ones’?” The reply underscores toxic attitudes towards immigrants, scapegoats, Jews and all perceived as “ others” throughout time. The question, like so much of Berest’s novel shakes both narrator and reader: Who have we ceased to see?
And much later, Anne, granddaughter’s daughter of Myriam , is invited to a seder. Her identity as a Jew in France is challenged.Because of a family history of hiding, of concealment, of intermarriage, of the camps and, of being raised in a secular, Republican socialism, she is without religion. Yet she concludes that she maintains values of equality wherein a utopian world might be possible and women encouraged to be intellectually free.
But when another woman at the seder who feels herself deeply grounded in being Jewish attacks Anne , for not knowing Hebrew or which side to open her Haggadah, Anne is embarrassed, feeling shamed , bereft and lacking a Jewish identity. Still in this uncomfortable situation, Anne is overwhelmed with memories as if she has lived this seder scene before. She writes, “ Everything seemed familiar: passing the matzohs around, dipping bitter herbs in salted water, letting a drop of wine fall from my fingertip.. even the symbolic Pesach dishes…as if I’d seen them a million times before…the ceremony transported me back in time. I could feel hands sliding into my own, inhabiting them, Nachman’s fingers, gnarled as the roots of an ancient oak tree.” Still she is upset, feeling once more like an outsider to herself as a Jew: ironically these painful criticisms levelled by another Jew.
I understand how Anne must have felt. Although I was sent to Hebrew school and the majority of students at my school were Jewish, the idea of being Jewish was still fraught with fear for me, a need to hide and not to openly disclose that I too was Jewish. Similar to Nachman and his dispersed family, my grandparents had fled to Canada from Europe to avoid war, but many relatives had perished in the camps, not believing they would be part of the final solution.
My mother was five, sent ahead with her sister, aunt and mother. She vividly recalled peering out at the red tulips in Amsterdam, but also feeling the sharp prongs of metal combs that combed her head for lice when her ship docked port. And even here in Canada, she emphasized that there was an unease at being Jewish. There were prohibitive, threatening signs my mother told us: “ Jews and dogs not allowed”;as well, she was followed home with taunts of greenhorn, tin horn, and so sprang up the need for Jewish benevolent societies to protect Jews. Immigrants were faced with Jewish quotas at universities, preferred hiring and discrimination, and even terrifying race riots against Jews at Christie Pits Park in Toronto.
Anne reflects, “ The Holocaust was like a treasure hunt in our house. You just followed the clues.” And I too recalled the stories my mother retold of her life in Petrokov, Poland, of being snatched up by her father at a picnic to avoid pogroms and Cossacks on horseback. Of course, I read Anne Frank, and any other holocaust novel I could find, searching for information, frightened to think who would hid me if I had lived in the Poland of my grandparents ? As a child, you want to know more but are terrified to find out the details : of what meaning a Jew could mean.
And much later, you understand how some turn to and others turn away from their religion, either providing sleepless nights of guilt or comfort. At Anne’s seder attack, I could feel her confusion: of not reading Hebrew, of having espoused ideas of equality, embracing diversity and feeling an exclusion to those chanting the songs, to not knowing the routines, to not fitting seamlessly into a paradigm to which she cannot fit.
Georges, Anne’s boyfriend , gives her a book by Natalie Zajde Children of Survivors. In it, Zajde discusses what does it mean to wonder about what it means to be Jewish. She conjectures,” Someone who has the same nightmares as her mother, and is trying to find her place among the living.Someone whose body is the grave of those who ever had a proper burial” Anne recalls that at the birth of her own daughter, Clara, her first thoughts were of mothers who were breast feeding when they were sent to the gas chamber. She says, it would “ suit her for things to be difficult…[but] not to be afraid of the giver, afraid of gas, afraid of losing [her]identity papers, afraid of closed spaces, afraid of dog bites, afraid of crossing borders, afraid of travelling by airplane, afraid of crowds…afraid of saying I’m Jewish.” And again, I conjure my mother , Chava, who physically shook at borders, fearful her papers were in order, terrified of doctors, reliving her own and memories of her family, with that sense of being hunted.She saw obstacles where others did not.
Filmmaker Alejandro Jodorowsky is also cited in The Postcard to explain a family’s preoccupation with the trauma of the Holocaust. He refers to this as transference of fear or psycho magic. “There are part of the genealogical tree, traumatized unprocessed places that are eternally seeking relief. From these places, arrows are launched towards future generations. Anything that has not been resolved must be repeated and will affect someone else..” And so, we come to the connections with fears, threats, instability, exclusion and hiding one self : anti- semitism, Passover and the stories of a Jewish family, forced to flee, to seek freedom and in doing so, identities that might have been forged with religion minimized , almost obliterated.
So too like Anne, we can perhaps understand the disconnects, the burial of identity once anchored in religion, for it has been the cause of rift and death in society. However In the celebrations , the eternal passages of Rosh Hashana, Passover, Yom Kippur, Purim, Succot, Simhas Torah, we come face to face with our historical biblical roots, our genesis and yet when we are not free to participate and reflect on who we are, the fear, the need to hid replaces and obfuscates.
Yet as Anne, and her grandmother Myriam, and her great grandfather Nachman, they were able to survive in the worst of times. Holidays like Passover, the reminder of being freed from slavery in Egypt, poses a symbolic arch through which one might pass- through, not over: to be able to not wonder what it is to be a Jew, but to choose to be a Jew, free from fear, servitude, discrimination and threat of reprisals.